Chemical and biological characterize of some species from Mahdadh Dhahab region
Abstract
The present study aims to detect the flavonoid and phenolic constituents of six selected species belonging to different families represented in Mahd adh Dhahab region as well as screen their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. These are Senna alexandrina Mill. and Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (Fabaceae), Vitex trifolia L. (Lamiaceae), Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I. M. Johnston (Boraginaceae), Salicornia europaea L. (Chenopodiaceae) and Acanthus spinosus L. (Acanthaceae).The phenolic and flavonoid profiles were carried out using HPLC technique. In addition, in vivo antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH assay while the cytotoxicity was summarized by MTT test. Thirty three compounds were detected using HPLC technique and comparison with standards. They were detected as 14 phenolic acids and 19 flavonoids. The flavonoids were represented as five C-glycosyl flavones, five flavones, six flavonols and three flavanones. The DPPH assay showed moderate activities with % activity 40.67±0.8, 45.23±0.34 and 43. 55± 1.1 for M. ciliata, V. nilotica and A. spinosus, respectively and weak activity for the rest investigated plants. V. nilotica showed significant cytotoxicity against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells, lung carcinoma (A549) and colon carcinoma with % inhibition 96.3±0.7, 97.2±0.24, 96.1±0.2, respectively. Among the studied species, V. nilotica showed the highest content of phenolic acids and flavonoids as well as a highly antioxidant and anticancer activities.
Keywords:
Mahd Ad Dahab region, HPLC, flavonoids, phenolics, Anitioxdant, cytotoxicity
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References
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2. Al-Hobaib, A. S., Al-Jaseem, K. Q., Baioumy, H. M., Ahmed, A. H. Environmental impact assessment inside and around Mahd Adh Dhahab gold mine, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2012; 5(5):985-997.
3. Jahan, N.; Ali, S.; Khalil,Ur-Rahman; RAFIQ Asi, M. Phenolic acid and flavonol contents of gemmo-modified and native extracts of some indigenous medicinal plants. Pak. J. Bot. 2013; 45:1515-1519.
4. Harborne, J.B. Phytochemical methods.A Guide to Modern Techniqucs of Plant Analysis 3-th edition. 1998; Chapman and Hall, London, Uk.
5. Cetkovic, G.S., Brunet, J.M., Bjilas, S.M., Tumbas, V.T., Markov, S.L., Cetkovic, D.D. Antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antimicrobial activities of satureja montana l., subsp. Kitaibelli extracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2007; 8:1013-1026.
6. Jaafar, H.Z., Ibrahim, M.H., Karimi, E. Phenolics and flavonoids compounds, phenylanine ammonia Lyase and antioxidant activity responses to elevated CO2 in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae). Molecules 2011; 17:6331-6347.
7. Mabry, T.J., Markham, K.R., Thomas, M.B. Systematic Identification of Flavonoids. Berlin, Springer- Verlag. 1970.
8. Markham, K.R. Techniques of Flavonoid Identification. New York, Academic Press. 1982.
9. Goupy, P., Hugues, M., Boivin, P., Amiot, M.J. Antioxidant Composition and Activity of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Malt Extracts and of Isolated Phenolic Compounds. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture 1999; 79:1625–1634.
10. Tenpe, C.R., Upaganlawar, A.B., Thakre, A.B. a., Yeole, P.G. Invitro antioxidant properties of leaves of Terminalia catappa Linn Ex. RoxB, Indian drugs 2008; 45(2):132–137.
11. Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E., Berg, K. Re-examinationand further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill. J. Immunol. Methods 1989; 119:203-10.
12. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol Methods 1983; 65:55-63.
13. Singh, R., Singh, B., Singh, S., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., Arora, S. Anti-free radical activities of kaempferol isolated from Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex. Del. Toxicol. in vitro 2008; 22(8):1965-1970.
14. Singh, B. N., Singh, B. R., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B. Potential chemoprevention of N-nitrosodi-ethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by poly-phenolics from Acacia nilotica bark. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2009a; 181(1):20-28.
15. Singh, B. N., Singh, B. R., Singh, R. L., Prakash, D., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B. Antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities of green pod of Acacia nilotica L. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009b; 47(4):778-786.
16. Malan, E. Derivatives of (+)-catechin-5-gallate from the bark of Acacia nilotica. Phytochemistry 1991; 30(8):2737–2739.
17. Dafallah, A. A., Al-Mustafa, Z. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The American journal of Chinese medicine 1996; 24(03n04):263-269.
18. Singh, R., Singh, S., Kumar, S., Arora, S. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract/ fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007; 45:1216–1223.
19. Sultana, B., Anwar, F., Przybylski, R. Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food Chem. 2007; 104(3):1106-1114.
20. Solomon-Wisdom, G. O., Shittu, G. A. In vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical activities of Acacia nilotica leaf extract. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4(12):1232-1234.
21. Kalaivani, T., Mathew, L. Free radical scavenging activity from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. exDelile, an Indian medicinal tree. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48(1):298-305.
22. Auwal, M. S., Saka, S., Mairiga, I. A., Sanda, K. A., Shuaibu, A., Ibrahim, A. Preliminary phytochemical and elemental analysis of aqueous and fractionated pod extracts of Acacia nilotica (Thorn mimosa). In Veterinary research forum: an international quarterly journal 2014; 5(2):95.
23. Viswanathan, S., Nallamuthu, T. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna alexandrina Mill. against human pathogens. Int J Curr Sci. 2012; 2:51-56.
24. Okpuzor, J., Ogbunugafor, H., Kareem, G. K., Igwo-Ezikpe, M. N. In vitro Investigation of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Extracts of Senna alata. Res. J. Phytochem. 2009; 3(4):68-76.
25. Sartorelli, P.; Carvalho, C. S.; Reimao, J. Q.; Ferreira, M. J. P.; Tempone, A. G. Antiparasitic activity of biochanin A, an isolated isoflavone from fruits of Cassia fistula (Leguminosae). Parasitology research 2009; 104(2):311-314.
26. Veerachari, U.; Bopaiah, A. K. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six cassia species. Inter. Res. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2012; 3 (1):034-039.
27. Luximon-Ramma, A.; Bahorun, T.; Soobrattee, M. A.;Aruoma, O. I. Antioxidant activities of phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid components in extracts of Cassia fistula. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50(18):5042-5047.
28. Daisy, P.; Saipriya, K. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1189-1202.
29. Dave, H., Ledwani, L. A review on anthraquinones isolated from Cassia species and their applications. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2012; 3(3):291-319.
30. Mak, Y. W.; Chuah, L. O.; Ahmad, R.; Bhat, R. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Cassia (Senna bicapsularis L.) flower extracts. Journal of King Saud University-Science 2013; 25(4):275-282.
31. Zhao, W.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, T.; Wang, L.; Yang, G.; Chen, Y. K.; Miao, M. Flavonoids from the bark and stems of Cassia fistula and their anti-tobacco mosaic virus activities. Phytochem. Lett. 2013; 6(2):179-182.
32. Meena, A. K.; Niranjan, U. S.; Rao, M. M.; Padhi, M. M.; Babu, R. A review of the important chemical constituents and medicinal uses of Vitex genus. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 2011; 6(2):54-60.
33. Lellau, T. F.; Liebezeit, G. Alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds in salt marsh plants from the Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea. Senckenbergiana maritime 2001; 31(1):1-9.
34. El-Sayed, M. M.; El-Hashash, M. M.; Mohamed, M. A.; Korany, T. M. Cytotoxic activity of Vitex trifolia purpurea extracts. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 2011; 41(2):409-416.
35. Aranda, E.; Hernandez, M.M; Heraso, C.; Villarreal, M.L.;Arispuro, I.V. Biological activities of crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1999; 67(1):37-44.
36. Anandan, R.; Jayakar, B.; Karar, B.; Babuji, S.; Manavalan, R.; Kumar, R. S. Effect of ethanol extract of flowers of Vitex trifolia Linn. On CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 22(4):391-394.
37. Rahman E.; Hossain, M.M.; Paul, N.;Sohrab, M.H; Rashid, M.A. Antibacterial activity of Vitex trifolia. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72(6):695-697.
38. Li, W. X.; Cui, C. B.; Cai, B.; Wang, H. Y.; Yao, X. S. Flavonoids from Vitex trifolia L. inhibit cell cycle progression at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in mammalian cancer cells. Journal of Asian natural products research 2005; 7(4):615-626.
39. Ling, T. J.; Ling, W. W.; Chen, Y. J.; Wan, X. C.; Xia, T.; Du, X. F.; Zhang, Z. Z. Antiseptic activity and phenolic constituents of the aerial parts of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. Molecules 2010; 15(11):8469-8477.
40. Natheer, S. E.; Sekar, C.; Amutharaj, P.; Rahman, M. S. A.; Khan, K. F. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia, Vitex trifolia and Chromolaena odorata. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2012; 6(11):783-788.
41. Salah, E. K.; Mohamed, M.; Mohamed, S. Phenolic and biological activities of Vitex trifolia aerials parts. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(2):670-677.
42. Im, S.A.; Kim, K.; Lee, C.K. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea. Intern. Immunopharmacol. 2006; 6:1451–1458
43. Lee, H.S.; Lee, K.H.; Shin, B.K.; Kim, S. Lee. Constituent of the halophyte Salicornia herbacea. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2004; 27(10):1034–1036.
44. Kim,H.S.; Yoon, Y.S.; Cho, J.W. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids from Salicornia herbacea L. extracts by LC–MS. Korean Journal of Crop Science 2008; 16(4):231–237.
45. Kim,J.Y.; Cho,J.Y.; Maa, Y.K.; Park, K.Y.; Lee,S.H.; Hamd, K.S. Dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glucosides from glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) and their antioxidative activity. Food Chemistry 2011; 125:55–62.
Kong,C.S.; Kim,Y.A.; Kim, M.M.; Park, J.S.; Kim, J.A.; Kim,S.K. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from Salicornia herbacea inhibit matrix metalloproteinase in HT1080 cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 2008; 22:1742–1748.
47. Sung, J.H.; Park, S.H.; Seo, D.H.; Lee, J.H. Antioxidative and skin-whitening effect of an aqueous extract of Salicornia herbacea. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2009; 73(3):552–556.
48. Kang,S. D.; Kim, B.H.; Lee, M.R.; Kim, M.; Chiang, J.;Hong. Antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of fractions from glasswort (Salicornia herbacea) seed extracts on human intestinal cells. Food Science and Biotechnology 2011; 20(1):115–122.
49. Buhmann, A.; Papenbrock, J. An economic point of view of secondary compounds in halophytes. Functional Plant Biology 2013; 40(9):952-967.
50. Essaidi, I.; Brahmi, Z.; Snoussi, A.; Koubaier, H. B. H.; Casabianca, H.; Abe, N.; Bouzouita, N. X. Phytochemical investigation of Tunisian Salicornia herbacea L., antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytochrome P450 (CYPs) inhibitory activities of its methanol extract. Food Control 2014; 32(1):125-133.
51. Isca, V.; Seca, A. M.; Pinto, D. C.; Silva, A. An overview of Salicornia genus: the phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Natural Products: Research Reviews 2014; 2(2):145-164.
52. Stanković, M. S.; Petrović, M.; Godjevac, D.; Stevanović, Z. D. Screening inland halophytes from the central Balkan for their antioxidant activity in relation to total phenolic compounds and flavonoids: Are there any prospective medicinal plants?. J. Arid Environments 2015; 120:26-32.
53. Fiorini-Puybaret, C. U.S. Patent Application 2009; 13:138.054.
54. Raja, R. R.; Jeevanreddy, K. Pharmacognostical phytochemical and anti-ulcer activity of Andrographis echioides (Acanthaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3(3):39-49.
55. Youssef, E. L. Pharmacognostical Study and Phytochemical Investigation of Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk) Johnst. 1981; Ph.D. Thesis, faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University.
56. Khafagy S. Shikonin derivatives flavonoids and tri terpenoids isolated from moltkiopsis ciliata. Acta Pharmaceutica Jugoslavica. 1981; 23:7-24.
2. Al-Hobaib, A. S., Al-Jaseem, K. Q., Baioumy, H. M., Ahmed, A. H. Environmental impact assessment inside and around Mahd Adh Dhahab gold mine, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2012; 5(5):985-997.
3. Jahan, N.; Ali, S.; Khalil,Ur-Rahman; RAFIQ Asi, M. Phenolic acid and flavonol contents of gemmo-modified and native extracts of some indigenous medicinal plants. Pak. J. Bot. 2013; 45:1515-1519.
4. Harborne, J.B. Phytochemical methods.A Guide to Modern Techniqucs of Plant Analysis 3-th edition. 1998; Chapman and Hall, London, Uk.
5. Cetkovic, G.S., Brunet, J.M., Bjilas, S.M., Tumbas, V.T., Markov, S.L., Cetkovic, D.D. Antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antimicrobial activities of satureja montana l., subsp. Kitaibelli extracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2007; 8:1013-1026.
6. Jaafar, H.Z., Ibrahim, M.H., Karimi, E. Phenolics and flavonoids compounds, phenylanine ammonia Lyase and antioxidant activity responses to elevated CO2 in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae). Molecules 2011; 17:6331-6347.
7. Mabry, T.J., Markham, K.R., Thomas, M.B. Systematic Identification of Flavonoids. Berlin, Springer- Verlag. 1970.
8. Markham, K.R. Techniques of Flavonoid Identification. New York, Academic Press. 1982.
9. Goupy, P., Hugues, M., Boivin, P., Amiot, M.J. Antioxidant Composition and Activity of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Malt Extracts and of Isolated Phenolic Compounds. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture 1999; 79:1625–1634.
10. Tenpe, C.R., Upaganlawar, A.B., Thakre, A.B. a., Yeole, P.G. Invitro antioxidant properties of leaves of Terminalia catappa Linn Ex. RoxB, Indian drugs 2008; 45(2):132–137.
11. Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E., Berg, K. Re-examinationand further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth/cell kill. J. Immunol. Methods 1989; 119:203-10.
12. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol Methods 1983; 65:55-63.
13. Singh, R., Singh, B., Singh, S., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., Arora, S. Anti-free radical activities of kaempferol isolated from Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex. Del. Toxicol. in vitro 2008; 22(8):1965-1970.
14. Singh, B. N., Singh, B. R., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B. Potential chemoprevention of N-nitrosodi-ethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by poly-phenolics from Acacia nilotica bark. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2009a; 181(1):20-28.
15. Singh, B. N., Singh, B. R., Singh, R. L., Prakash, D., Sarma, B. K., Singh, H. B. Antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities of green pod of Acacia nilotica L. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009b; 47(4):778-786.
16. Malan, E. Derivatives of (+)-catechin-5-gallate from the bark of Acacia nilotica. Phytochemistry 1991; 30(8):2737–2739.
17. Dafallah, A. A., Al-Mustafa, Z. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The American journal of Chinese medicine 1996; 24(03n04):263-269.
18. Singh, R., Singh, S., Kumar, S., Arora, S. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract/ fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007; 45:1216–1223.
19. Sultana, B., Anwar, F., Przybylski, R. Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food Chem. 2007; 104(3):1106-1114.
20. Solomon-Wisdom, G. O., Shittu, G. A. In vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical activities of Acacia nilotica leaf extract. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4(12):1232-1234.
21. Kalaivani, T., Mathew, L. Free radical scavenging activity from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. exDelile, an Indian medicinal tree. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48(1):298-305.
22. Auwal, M. S., Saka, S., Mairiga, I. A., Sanda, K. A., Shuaibu, A., Ibrahim, A. Preliminary phytochemical and elemental analysis of aqueous and fractionated pod extracts of Acacia nilotica (Thorn mimosa). In Veterinary research forum: an international quarterly journal 2014; 5(2):95.
23. Viswanathan, S., Nallamuthu, T. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna alexandrina Mill. against human pathogens. Int J Curr Sci. 2012; 2:51-56.
24. Okpuzor, J., Ogbunugafor, H., Kareem, G. K., Igwo-Ezikpe, M. N. In vitro Investigation of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Extracts of Senna alata. Res. J. Phytochem. 2009; 3(4):68-76.
25. Sartorelli, P.; Carvalho, C. S.; Reimao, J. Q.; Ferreira, M. J. P.; Tempone, A. G. Antiparasitic activity of biochanin A, an isolated isoflavone from fruits of Cassia fistula (Leguminosae). Parasitology research 2009; 104(2):311-314.
26. Veerachari, U.; Bopaiah, A. K. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six cassia species. Inter. Res. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2012; 3 (1):034-039.
27. Luximon-Ramma, A.; Bahorun, T.; Soobrattee, M. A.;Aruoma, O. I. Antioxidant activities of phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid components in extracts of Cassia fistula. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002; 50(18):5042-5047.
28. Daisy, P.; Saipriya, K. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1189-1202.
29. Dave, H., Ledwani, L. A review on anthraquinones isolated from Cassia species and their applications. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2012; 3(3):291-319.
30. Mak, Y. W.; Chuah, L. O.; Ahmad, R.; Bhat, R. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Cassia (Senna bicapsularis L.) flower extracts. Journal of King Saud University-Science 2013; 25(4):275-282.
31. Zhao, W.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, T.; Wang, L.; Yang, G.; Chen, Y. K.; Miao, M. Flavonoids from the bark and stems of Cassia fistula and their anti-tobacco mosaic virus activities. Phytochem. Lett. 2013; 6(2):179-182.
32. Meena, A. K.; Niranjan, U. S.; Rao, M. M.; Padhi, M. M.; Babu, R. A review of the important chemical constituents and medicinal uses of Vitex genus. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 2011; 6(2):54-60.
33. Lellau, T. F.; Liebezeit, G. Alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds in salt marsh plants from the Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea. Senckenbergiana maritime 2001; 31(1):1-9.
34. El-Sayed, M. M.; El-Hashash, M. M.; Mohamed, M. A.; Korany, T. M. Cytotoxic activity of Vitex trifolia purpurea extracts. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 2011; 41(2):409-416.
35. Aranda, E.; Hernandez, M.M; Heraso, C.; Villarreal, M.L.;Arispuro, I.V. Biological activities of crude plant extracts from Vitex trifolia L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1999; 67(1):37-44.
36. Anandan, R.; Jayakar, B.; Karar, B.; Babuji, S.; Manavalan, R.; Kumar, R. S. Effect of ethanol extract of flowers of Vitex trifolia Linn. On CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 22(4):391-394.
37. Rahman E.; Hossain, M.M.; Paul, N.;Sohrab, M.H; Rashid, M.A. Antibacterial activity of Vitex trifolia. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72(6):695-697.
38. Li, W. X.; Cui, C. B.; Cai, B.; Wang, H. Y.; Yao, X. S. Flavonoids from Vitex trifolia L. inhibit cell cycle progression at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in mammalian cancer cells. Journal of Asian natural products research 2005; 7(4):615-626.
39. Ling, T. J.; Ling, W. W.; Chen, Y. J.; Wan, X. C.; Xia, T.; Du, X. F.; Zhang, Z. Z. Antiseptic activity and phenolic constituents of the aerial parts of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. Molecules 2010; 15(11):8469-8477.
40. Natheer, S. E.; Sekar, C.; Amutharaj, P.; Rahman, M. S. A.; Khan, K. F. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia, Vitex trifolia and Chromolaena odorata. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2012; 6(11):783-788.
41. Salah, E. K.; Mohamed, M.; Mohamed, S. Phenolic and biological activities of Vitex trifolia aerials parts. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(2):670-677.
42. Im, S.A.; Kim, K.; Lee, C.K. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea. Intern. Immunopharmacol. 2006; 6:1451–1458
43. Lee, H.S.; Lee, K.H.; Shin, B.K.; Kim, S. Lee. Constituent of the halophyte Salicornia herbacea. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2004; 27(10):1034–1036.
44. Kim,H.S.; Yoon, Y.S.; Cho, J.W. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids from Salicornia herbacea L. extracts by LC–MS. Korean Journal of Crop Science 2008; 16(4):231–237.
45. Kim,J.Y.; Cho,J.Y.; Maa, Y.K.; Park, K.Y.; Lee,S.H.; Hamd, K.S. Dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glucosides from glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) and their antioxidative activity. Food Chemistry 2011; 125:55–62.
Kong,C.S.; Kim,Y.A.; Kim, M.M.; Park, J.S.; Kim, J.A.; Kim,S.K. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from Salicornia herbacea inhibit matrix metalloproteinase in HT1080 cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 2008; 22:1742–1748.
47. Sung, J.H.; Park, S.H.; Seo, D.H.; Lee, J.H. Antioxidative and skin-whitening effect of an aqueous extract of Salicornia herbacea. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2009; 73(3):552–556.
48. Kang,S. D.; Kim, B.H.; Lee, M.R.; Kim, M.; Chiang, J.;Hong. Antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of fractions from glasswort (Salicornia herbacea) seed extracts on human intestinal cells. Food Science and Biotechnology 2011; 20(1):115–122.
49. Buhmann, A.; Papenbrock, J. An economic point of view of secondary compounds in halophytes. Functional Plant Biology 2013; 40(9):952-967.
50. Essaidi, I.; Brahmi, Z.; Snoussi, A.; Koubaier, H. B. H.; Casabianca, H.; Abe, N.; Bouzouita, N. X. Phytochemical investigation of Tunisian Salicornia herbacea L., antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytochrome P450 (CYPs) inhibitory activities of its methanol extract. Food Control 2014; 32(1):125-133.
51. Isca, V.; Seca, A. M.; Pinto, D. C.; Silva, A. An overview of Salicornia genus: the phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Natural Products: Research Reviews 2014; 2(2):145-164.
52. Stanković, M. S.; Petrović, M.; Godjevac, D.; Stevanović, Z. D. Screening inland halophytes from the central Balkan for their antioxidant activity in relation to total phenolic compounds and flavonoids: Are there any prospective medicinal plants?. J. Arid Environments 2015; 120:26-32.
53. Fiorini-Puybaret, C. U.S. Patent Application 2009; 13:138.054.
54. Raja, R. R.; Jeevanreddy, K. Pharmacognostical phytochemical and anti-ulcer activity of Andrographis echioides (Acanthaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3(3):39-49.
55. Youssef, E. L. Pharmacognostical Study and Phytochemical Investigation of Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk) Johnst. 1981; Ph.D. Thesis, faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University.
56. Khafagy S. Shikonin derivatives flavonoids and tri terpenoids isolated from moltkiopsis ciliata. Acta Pharmaceutica Jugoslavica. 1981; 23:7-24.
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30/09/2016
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Kawashty, S. A., Soliman, H. M., & Boquellah, N. A. (2016). Chemical and biological characterize of some species from Mahdadh Dhahab region. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Science (JIAPS), 1(3), 62-70. Retrieved from https://saap.org.in/journals/index.php/jiaps/article/view/182
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