A systematic review on wound healing
Abstract
The body's initial line of defence, the skin protects the inside organs from heat, chemical, and mechanical harm. It has a highly developed immune system that protects the body from harmful illnesses. The body's natural response to tissue damage is wound healing. But wound healing is a complicated process that involves a wide range of cell types, cytokines, mediators, and the vascular system interacting with one another. It is a complex, strictly controlled process that is essential to retaining all other skin functions in addition to the skin's barrier function. Numerous factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, can impact this process. In order to successfully restore the damaged tissue, wound healing is a dynamic process supported by a variety of cellular processes, including as homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. These activities must be properly integrated with one another. When there is damage to the skin, bacteria can swiftly infiltrate the tissues behind the skin, leading to life-threatening infections and chronic wounds. Natural phytomedicines with significant pharmacological qualities have been used extensively and successfully to treat wounds and prevent infections. Phytotherapy has been used for millennia to effectively cure skin wounds and delay the formation of infections. This study focuses on cutaneous wound healing and highlights the classical wound healing phases because wound healing occurs in many regions of the human body. Changes in any one of these stages may encourage the development of chronic wounds and hinder their healing. Numerous plants have been shown to aid in wound healing through a variety of processes.
Keywords:
Wound healing, herbal drug, wound infection, classification of wounds
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References
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4. E. M. Tottoli, R. Dorati, I. Genta, E. Chiesa, S. Pisani and B. Conti, Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12, 735.
5. J. F. Guest, G. W. Fuller and P. Vowden, BMJ Open, 2020, 10, e045253.
6. Y. Hu, H. Li, X. Lv, Y. Xu, Y. Xie, L. Yuwen, Y. Song, S. Li, J. Shao and D. Yang, Nanoscale, 2022, 14, 12967–12983.
7. C. E. Fife and M. J. Carter, Wounds, 2012, 24, 10–17.
8. S. R. Nussbaum, M. J. Carter, C. E. Fife, J. DaVanzo, R. Haught, M. Nusgart and D. Cartwright, Value Health, 2018, 21, 27–32.
9. Sen, Chandan K. 2019. “Human Wounds and Its Burden: An Updated Compendium of Estimates.” Advances in Wound Care 8 (2): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2019.0946.
10. Velnar T., Bailey T. and Smrkolj V. The Wound Healing Process: an Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. The Journal of International Medical Research 2009; 37: 1528 – 1542.
11. 14. Robson MC, Steed DL, and Franz MG. Wound healing: biologic features and approaches to maximize healing trajectories. Curr Probl Surg 2001; 38: 72 – 140.
12. Li, J.; Chen, J.; Kirsner, R. Pathophysiology of Acute Wound Healing. Clin. Dermatol. 2007, 25, 9–18. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Swezey L. The difference between acute and chronic wounds (2019).
14. K. Jung, S. Covington, C. K. Sen, M. Januszyk, R. S. Kirsner, G. C. Gurtner and N. H. Shah, Wound Repair Regen., 2016, 24, 181–188.
15. Porth, Carol (2007). Essentials of pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins. P. 270. ISBN 0-7817-7087-4.
16. M. Phillipson and P. Kubes, Trends Immunol., 2019, 40, 635–647.
17. Yadav, K. N., P. V. Kadam, S. K. Jagdale, and M. J. Patil. 2018. “Herbal Remedy for Wound Management: A Review.” International Journal of Pharmacognosy 5 (8): 440–49. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975- 8232.IJP.5(8).440-49.
18. Budovsky, Arie, Ludmila Yarmolinsky, and Shimon Ben-Shabat. 2015. “Effect of Medicinal Plants on Wound Healing.” Wound Repair and Regeneration 23 (2): 171–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12274.
19. Cohen, Heather B., and David M. Mosser. 2013. “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Control of Macrophage Inflammatory Responses.” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 94 (5): 913–19. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0413236
20. Sharma, Akshay, Suryamani Khanna, Gaganjot Kaur, and Inderbir Singh. 2021. “Medicinal Plants and Their Components for Wound Healing Applications.” Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (53): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00202-w.
21. Avishai E, Yeghiazaryan K, Golubnitschaja O. Impaired wound healing: facts and hypotheses for multi-professional considerations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J. 2017; 8(1):23-33.
22. Ladhani HA, Yowler CJ, Claridge JA. Burn wound colonization, infection, and sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2021;22(1):44-48.
23. Scalise A, Bianchi A, Tartaglione C, et al. Microenvironment and microbiology of skin wounds: the role of bacterial biofilms and related factors. Seminars in Vascular Surgery. Vol 28. Elsevier; 2015: 151-159.
24. Holl J, Kowalewski C, Zimek Z, et al. Chronic diabetic wounds and their treatment with skin substitutes. Cell. 2021;10(3):655.
25. Rowan MP, Cancio LC, Elster EA, et al. Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):243. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0961-2
26. Boateng J, Catanzano O. Advanced therapeutic dressings for effective wound healing—a review. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(11):3653-3680.
27. Stephens P, Caley M, Peake M. Alternatives for animal wound model systems. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:177-201.
28. Nauta AC, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Adult stem cells in small animal wound healing models. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:81-98.
29. Wong VW, Sorkin M, Glotzbach JP, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Surgical approaches to create murine models of human wound healing. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:969618.
30. Gottrup F, Agren MS, Karlsmark T. Models for use in wound healing research: a survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:83-96.
31. Geer DJ, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. In vivo model of wound healing based on transplanted tissue-engineered skin. Tissue Eng. 2004;10:1006-1017.
32. Shrimanker M, Patel N, Modi H, Dave R. A review: screening models for wound healing activity in animals. Am J Pharm Tech Res. 2013;3:237-251.
33. Masson-Meyers, Daniela S., Thiago A.M. Andrade, Guilherme F. Caetano, Francielle R. Guimaraes, Marcel N. Leite, Saulo N. Leite, and Marco Andrey C. Frade. 2020. “Experimental Models and Methods for Cutaneous Wound Healing Assessment.” International Journal of Experimental Pathology 101 (1–2): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12346.
34. Nauta AC, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Adult stem cells in small animal wound healing models. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:81-98.
35. Gottrup F, Agren MS, Karlsmark T. Models for use in wound healing research: a survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:83-96.
36. Sullivan TP, Eaglstein WH, Davis SC, Mertz P. The pig as a model for human wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2001;9:66-76.
37. Krishnaiah D., Devi T., Bono A. and Sarbatly R. Studies on phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research2009; 3(2):67-72.
38. Habbu, PV, H Joshi, BS Patil - Pharmacognosy Reviews, and Undefined 2007. 2007. “Ph. Cog Rev.: Review Article Potential Wound Healers from Plant Origin.” Phcogrev.Com 1 (2): 271–82 https://www.phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-1-2-271.pdf.
39. Jain, UK, and Nilesh Gupta. 2010. “Prominent Wound Healing Properties of Indigenous Medicines.” Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals 1 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5119.73579.
40. Pawar, Rajesh Singh, Fedelic Ashish Toppo, Avinash Singh Mandloi, and Shabnam Shaikh. 2015. “Exploring the Role of Curcumin Containing Ethanolic Extract Obtained from Curcuma Longa (Rhizomes) against Retardation of Wound Healing Process by Aspirin.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology 47 (2): 160–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.153422.
41. Assar, Doaa H., Nagwan Elhabashi, Abd Allah A. Mokhbatly, Amany E. Ragab, Zizy I. Elbialy, Sally A. Rizk, Aishah E. Albalawi, Norah A. Althobaiti, Soad Al Jaouni, and Ayman Atiba. 2021. “Wound Healing Potential of Licorice Extract in Rat Model: Antioxidants, Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Gene Expression Evidences.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 143 (112151): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112151.
42. Murthy, S., M. K. Gautam, Shalini Goel, V. Purohit, H. Sharma, and R. K. Goel. 2013. “Evaluation of in Vivo Wound Healing Activity of Bacopa Monnieri on Different Wound Model in Rats.” BioMed Research International, 1-9. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1155/2013/972028.
43. Banerjee, Kaushita, Monami Chatterjee, Rajendra Sandur V, Ramesh Nachimuthu, Harishkumar Madhyastha, and Padma Thiagarajan. 2021. “Azadirachta Indica A. Juss (Neem) Oil Topical Formulation with Liquid Crystals Ensconcing Depot Water for Anti-Inflammatory, Wound Healing and Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Activities.” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 64 (102563): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102563.
44. Alven, Sibusiso, Vuyolwethu Khwaza, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji, and Blessing A. Aderibigbe. 2021. “Polymer-Based Scaffolds Loaded with Aloe Vera Extract for the Treatment of Wounds.” Pharmaceutics 13 (7): 1–21.
45. Laut, M., N. A. Ndaong, and T. Utami. 2019. “Cutaneous Wound Healing Activity of Herbal Ointment Containing the Leaf Extract of Acalypha Indica L. on Mice (Mus Musculus).” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1146 (012025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1146/1/012025.
46. Sirinthipaporn, A. and Jiraungkoorsku, W. 2018. “Wound Healing Property Review of Siam Weed, Chromolaena Odorata.” Pharmacognosy Reviews 1 (2): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev.
47. Suresh, BAR, and SS and Karki. 2012. “Wound Healing Activity of Calotropis Gigantea Leaves in Albino Wistar rats.” International Journal of Pharmacy 2 (1): 195–99. www.pharmascholars.com/admin1/files/21026.pdf.
48. Mwangi, Ruth W., John M. Macharia, Isabel N. Wagara, and Raposa L. Bence. 2021. “The Medicinal Properties of Cassia Fistula L: A Review.” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 144 (112240): 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112240.
49. Daisy, E. R.Anishiya Chella, Naresh Kumar Rajendran, Nicolette Nadene Houreld, Najat Marraiki, Abdallah M. Elgorban, and Mariappan Rajan. 2020. “Curcumin and Gymnema Sylvestre Extract Loaded Graphene Oxide- Polyhydroxybutyrate sodium Alginate Composite for Diabetic Wound Regeneration.” Reactive and Functional Polymers 154 (104671): 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104671.
50. Prakashbabu, Bhagyalakshmi Chengattu, Deepthi Vijay, Saju George, Sameer Kodiyil, Suresh Narayanan Nair, and Ajithkumar Karaparambil Gopalan. 2017. “Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Gmelina Arborea and Hemigraphis Colorata in Rats.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6 (8): 3116–22. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.373.
51. Qnais, Esam Y., Mohamed Abu-Dieyeh, Fuad A. Abdulla, and Shtaywy S. Abdalla. 2010.“The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Salvia Officinalis Leaf Aqueous and Butanol Extracts.” Pharmaceutical Biology 48 (10): 1149–56. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903530763.
52. Almasian, Arash, Farhood Najafi, Mahdieh Eftekhari, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Mohammad Sharifzadeh, and Mahnaz Khanavi. 2020. “Polyurethane/Carboxymethylcellulose Nanofibers Containing Malva Sylvestris Extract for Healing Diabetic Wounds: Preparation, Characterization, in Vitro and in Vivo Studies.” Materials Science and Engineering C 114 (May 2019): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111039.
2. Pattanayak SP and Sunita P. Wound healing, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2008; 120:241-247.
3. European Wound Management Association (EWMA). Position Document: Identifying criteria for wound infection. London: MEP Ltd, 2005.
4. E. M. Tottoli, R. Dorati, I. Genta, E. Chiesa, S. Pisani and B. Conti, Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12, 735.
5. J. F. Guest, G. W. Fuller and P. Vowden, BMJ Open, 2020, 10, e045253.
6. Y. Hu, H. Li, X. Lv, Y. Xu, Y. Xie, L. Yuwen, Y. Song, S. Li, J. Shao and D. Yang, Nanoscale, 2022, 14, 12967–12983.
7. C. E. Fife and M. J. Carter, Wounds, 2012, 24, 10–17.
8. S. R. Nussbaum, M. J. Carter, C. E. Fife, J. DaVanzo, R. Haught, M. Nusgart and D. Cartwright, Value Health, 2018, 21, 27–32.
9. Sen, Chandan K. 2019. “Human Wounds and Its Burden: An Updated Compendium of Estimates.” Advances in Wound Care 8 (2): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2019.0946.
10. Velnar T., Bailey T. and Smrkolj V. The Wound Healing Process: an Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. The Journal of International Medical Research 2009; 37: 1528 – 1542.
11. 14. Robson MC, Steed DL, and Franz MG. Wound healing: biologic features and approaches to maximize healing trajectories. Curr Probl Surg 2001; 38: 72 – 140.
12. Li, J.; Chen, J.; Kirsner, R. Pathophysiology of Acute Wound Healing. Clin. Dermatol. 2007, 25, 9–18. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Swezey L. The difference between acute and chronic wounds (2019).
14. K. Jung, S. Covington, C. K. Sen, M. Januszyk, R. S. Kirsner, G. C. Gurtner and N. H. Shah, Wound Repair Regen., 2016, 24, 181–188.
15. Porth, Carol (2007). Essentials of pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins. P. 270. ISBN 0-7817-7087-4.
16. M. Phillipson and P. Kubes, Trends Immunol., 2019, 40, 635–647.
17. Yadav, K. N., P. V. Kadam, S. K. Jagdale, and M. J. Patil. 2018. “Herbal Remedy for Wound Management: A Review.” International Journal of Pharmacognosy 5 (8): 440–49. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975- 8232.IJP.5(8).440-49.
18. Budovsky, Arie, Ludmila Yarmolinsky, and Shimon Ben-Shabat. 2015. “Effect of Medicinal Plants on Wound Healing.” Wound Repair and Regeneration 23 (2): 171–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12274.
19. Cohen, Heather B., and David M. Mosser. 2013. “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Control of Macrophage Inflammatory Responses.” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 94 (5): 913–19. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0413236
20. Sharma, Akshay, Suryamani Khanna, Gaganjot Kaur, and Inderbir Singh. 2021. “Medicinal Plants and Their Components for Wound Healing Applications.” Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (53): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00202-w.
21. Avishai E, Yeghiazaryan K, Golubnitschaja O. Impaired wound healing: facts and hypotheses for multi-professional considerations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J. 2017; 8(1):23-33.
22. Ladhani HA, Yowler CJ, Claridge JA. Burn wound colonization, infection, and sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2021;22(1):44-48.
23. Scalise A, Bianchi A, Tartaglione C, et al. Microenvironment and microbiology of skin wounds: the role of bacterial biofilms and related factors. Seminars in Vascular Surgery. Vol 28. Elsevier; 2015: 151-159.
24. Holl J, Kowalewski C, Zimek Z, et al. Chronic diabetic wounds and their treatment with skin substitutes. Cell. 2021;10(3):655.
25. Rowan MP, Cancio LC, Elster EA, et al. Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):243. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0961-2
26. Boateng J, Catanzano O. Advanced therapeutic dressings for effective wound healing—a review. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(11):3653-3680.
27. Stephens P, Caley M, Peake M. Alternatives for animal wound model systems. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:177-201.
28. Nauta AC, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Adult stem cells in small animal wound healing models. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:81-98.
29. Wong VW, Sorkin M, Glotzbach JP, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Surgical approaches to create murine models of human wound healing. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:969618.
30. Gottrup F, Agren MS, Karlsmark T. Models for use in wound healing research: a survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:83-96.
31. Geer DJ, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. In vivo model of wound healing based on transplanted tissue-engineered skin. Tissue Eng. 2004;10:1006-1017.
32. Shrimanker M, Patel N, Modi H, Dave R. A review: screening models for wound healing activity in animals. Am J Pharm Tech Res. 2013;3:237-251.
33. Masson-Meyers, Daniela S., Thiago A.M. Andrade, Guilherme F. Caetano, Francielle R. Guimaraes, Marcel N. Leite, Saulo N. Leite, and Marco Andrey C. Frade. 2020. “Experimental Models and Methods for Cutaneous Wound Healing Assessment.” International Journal of Experimental Pathology 101 (1–2): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12346.
34. Nauta AC, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Adult stem cells in small animal wound healing models. In: Gourdie RG, Myers TA, eds. Wound Regeneration and Repair Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013:81-98.
35. Gottrup F, Agren MS, Karlsmark T. Models for use in wound healing research: a survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:83-96.
36. Sullivan TP, Eaglstein WH, Davis SC, Mertz P. The pig as a model for human wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2001;9:66-76.
37. Krishnaiah D., Devi T., Bono A. and Sarbatly R. Studies on phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research2009; 3(2):67-72.
38. Habbu, PV, H Joshi, BS Patil - Pharmacognosy Reviews, and Undefined 2007. 2007. “Ph. Cog Rev.: Review Article Potential Wound Healers from Plant Origin.” Phcogrev.Com 1 (2): 271–82 https://www.phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-1-2-271.pdf.
39. Jain, UK, and Nilesh Gupta. 2010. “Prominent Wound Healing Properties of Indigenous Medicines.” Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals 1 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5119.73579.
40. Pawar, Rajesh Singh, Fedelic Ashish Toppo, Avinash Singh Mandloi, and Shabnam Shaikh. 2015. “Exploring the Role of Curcumin Containing Ethanolic Extract Obtained from Curcuma Longa (Rhizomes) against Retardation of Wound Healing Process by Aspirin.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology 47 (2): 160–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.153422.
41. Assar, Doaa H., Nagwan Elhabashi, Abd Allah A. Mokhbatly, Amany E. Ragab, Zizy I. Elbialy, Sally A. Rizk, Aishah E. Albalawi, Norah A. Althobaiti, Soad Al Jaouni, and Ayman Atiba. 2021. “Wound Healing Potential of Licorice Extract in Rat Model: Antioxidants, Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Gene Expression Evidences.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 143 (112151): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112151.
42. Murthy, S., M. K. Gautam, Shalini Goel, V. Purohit, H. Sharma, and R. K. Goel. 2013. “Evaluation of in Vivo Wound Healing Activity of Bacopa Monnieri on Different Wound Model in Rats.” BioMed Research International, 1-9. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1155/2013/972028.
43. Banerjee, Kaushita, Monami Chatterjee, Rajendra Sandur V, Ramesh Nachimuthu, Harishkumar Madhyastha, and Padma Thiagarajan. 2021. “Azadirachta Indica A. Juss (Neem) Oil Topical Formulation with Liquid Crystals Ensconcing Depot Water for Anti-Inflammatory, Wound Healing and Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Activities.” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 64 (102563): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102563.
44. Alven, Sibusiso, Vuyolwethu Khwaza, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji, and Blessing A. Aderibigbe. 2021. “Polymer-Based Scaffolds Loaded with Aloe Vera Extract for the Treatment of Wounds.” Pharmaceutics 13 (7): 1–21.
45. Laut, M., N. A. Ndaong, and T. Utami. 2019. “Cutaneous Wound Healing Activity of Herbal Ointment Containing the Leaf Extract of Acalypha Indica L. on Mice (Mus Musculus).” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1146 (012025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1146/1/012025.
46. Sirinthipaporn, A. and Jiraungkoorsku, W. 2018. “Wound Healing Property Review of Siam Weed, Chromolaena Odorata.” Pharmacognosy Reviews 1 (2): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev.
47. Suresh, BAR, and SS and Karki. 2012. “Wound Healing Activity of Calotropis Gigantea Leaves in Albino Wistar rats.” International Journal of Pharmacy 2 (1): 195–99. www.pharmascholars.com/admin1/files/21026.pdf.
48. Mwangi, Ruth W., John M. Macharia, Isabel N. Wagara, and Raposa L. Bence. 2021. “The Medicinal Properties of Cassia Fistula L: A Review.” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 144 (112240): 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112240.
49. Daisy, E. R.Anishiya Chella, Naresh Kumar Rajendran, Nicolette Nadene Houreld, Najat Marraiki, Abdallah M. Elgorban, and Mariappan Rajan. 2020. “Curcumin and Gymnema Sylvestre Extract Loaded Graphene Oxide- Polyhydroxybutyrate sodium Alginate Composite for Diabetic Wound Regeneration.” Reactive and Functional Polymers 154 (104671): 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104671.
50. Prakashbabu, Bhagyalakshmi Chengattu, Deepthi Vijay, Saju George, Sameer Kodiyil, Suresh Narayanan Nair, and Ajithkumar Karaparambil Gopalan. 2017. “Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Gmelina Arborea and Hemigraphis Colorata in Rats.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6 (8): 3116–22. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.373.
51. Qnais, Esam Y., Mohamed Abu-Dieyeh, Fuad A. Abdulla, and Shtaywy S. Abdalla. 2010.“The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Salvia Officinalis Leaf Aqueous and Butanol Extracts.” Pharmaceutical Biology 48 (10): 1149–56. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903530763.
52. Almasian, Arash, Farhood Najafi, Mahdieh Eftekhari, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Mohammad Sharifzadeh, and Mahnaz Khanavi. 2020. “Polyurethane/Carboxymethylcellulose Nanofibers Containing Malva Sylvestris Extract for Healing Diabetic Wounds: Preparation, Characterization, in Vitro and in Vivo Studies.” Materials Science and Engineering C 114 (May 2019): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111039.
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12/11/2023
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A. Q. MD, B. J, and R. C, “A systematic review on wound healing”, Int J Indig Herb Drug, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 62-68, Nov. 2023.
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